https://www.ipernity.com/tag/323415/keyword/574989 https://cdn.ipernity.com/p/105/57/EF/323415.buddy.jpg https://www.ipernity.com/tag/323415/keyword/574989 Wed, 27 May 2026 09:22:17 +0000 Wed, 27 May 2026 09:22:17 +0000 https://www.ipernity.com https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/53247012 tag:ipernity.com,2026-02-14,doc-53247012 Sat, 14 Feb 2026 21:06:07 +0000 2025-11-01T13:17:36+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/53247012"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/70/12/53247012.0c9838c6.240.jpg?r2" width="152" height="240" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Muenster, the cultural centre of Westphalia, is a city with a population of more than 250.000 of which nearly 50.000 are students at the University of Muenster. This surely helped Muenster to gain the status of the "bicycle capital of Germany".<br /> <br /> The Clemenskirche was built between 1745 and 1753 according to plans by Johann Conrad Schlaun for the Order of the Barmherzigen Brüder (Merciful Brothers), whose members are primarily involved in nursing and caring for the elderly. <br /> <br /> The formerly adjacent Clemens Hospital and the church date back to a foundation established by Clemens August I, Prince-Bishop of Münster. <br /> <br /> During the air raids on Münster in World War II, St. Clement's Church and Clemens Hospital were destroyed except for the surrounding walls. From 1956 to 1959, the exterior of the church was rebuilt, but without the associated hospital buildings. This meant that the sides and substructure of the now free-standing campanile, which had previously been concealed by the hospital buildings, had to be redesigned in the spirit of Schlaun. <br /> <br /> Clemenshospital, which originally started with 16 beds, was rebuilt after the war in a different location and today offers space for over 400 patients.</div> Münster - Clemenskirche <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/53247012"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/70/12/53247012.0c9838c6.240.jpg?r2" width="152" height="240" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Muenster, the cultural centre of Westphalia, is a city with a population of more than 250.000 of which nearly 50.000 are students at the University of Muenster. This surely helped Muenster to gain the status of the "bicycle capital of Germany".<br /> <br /> The Clemenskirche was built between 1745 and 1753 according to plans by Johann Conrad Schlaun for the Order of the Barmherzigen Brüder (Merciful Brothers), whose members are primarily involved in nursing and caring for the elderly. <br /> <br /> The formerly adjacent Clemens Hospital and the church date back to a foundation established by Clemens August I, Prince-Bishop of Münster. <br /> <br /> During the air raids on Münster in World War II, St. Clement's Church and Clemens Hospital were destroyed except for the surrounding walls. From 1956 to 1959, the exterior of the church was rebuilt, but without the associated hospital buildings. This meant that the sides and substructure of the now free-standing campanile, which had previously been concealed by the hospital buildings, had to be redesigned in the spirit of Schlaun. <br /> <br /> Clemenshospital, which originally started with 16 beds, was rebuilt after the war in a different location and today offers space for over 400 patients.</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/50573048 tag:ipernity.com,2021-02-03,doc-50573048 Wed, 03 Feb 2021 15:43:24 +0000 2020-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/50573048"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/30/48/50573048.30ef0d52.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="179" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">St. Magdalena is a round church, located isolated on the Danube river. It may have been founded by Count Heinrich I of Ortenburg († 1241), who is said to have designed the building as a replica of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem after a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, but there could be as well a connection to a pilgrim hospital that was looked after by Knights Templar.<br /> <br /> The Romanesque church got an octagonal tent roof during a late Gothic renovation. The structure has a diameter of 14.6 meters. The north-facing buttresses and the vault date back to the 15th century. The tower in front of it is dated to the 17th century.<br /> <br /> We were very lucky to meet the person who could open the church.<br /> <br /> The vault is supported by a central pillar.</div> Hausbach - St. Magdalena <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/50573048"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/30/48/50573048.30ef0d52.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="179" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">St. Magdalena is a round church, located isolated on the Danube river. It may have been founded by Count Heinrich I of Ortenburg († 1241), who is said to have designed the building as a replica of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem after a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, but there could be as well a connection to a pilgrim hospital that was looked after by Knights Templar.<br /> <br /> The Romanesque church got an octagonal tent roof during a late Gothic renovation. The structure has a diameter of 14.6 meters. The north-facing buttresses and the vault date back to the 15th century. The tower in front of it is dated to the 17th century.<br /> <br /> We were very lucky to meet the person who could open the church.<br /> <br /> The vault is supported by a central pillar.</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43640664 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-05,doc-43640664 Sat, 05 Nov 2016 18:24:11 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43640664"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/06/64/43640664.d48154d8.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="191" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes. Inbetween are columns and capitals.<br /> <br /> The baptistery´s altar. <br /> <br /> John the Baptist (JOHANNIS BATTISTA) is flanked by a priest (SACERDOS) and a Levite (LEVITA)</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43640664"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/06/64/43640664.d48154d8.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="191" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes. Inbetween are columns and capitals.<br /> <br /> The baptistery´s altar. <br /> <br /> John the Baptist (JOHANNIS BATTISTA) is flanked by a priest (SACERDOS) and a Levite (LEVITA)</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43639644 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-05,doc-43639644 Sat, 05 Nov 2016 16:47:59 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43639644"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/96/44/43639644.d28cabe2.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="180" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes. Inbetween are columns and capitals.<br /> <br /> Here is Habakkuk delivering food to hungry Daniel in the lions' den.<br /> <br /> Daniel 14:33-36<br /> <br /> "Now the prophet Habakkuk was in Judea; he had made a stew and had broken bread into a bowl, and was going into the field to take it to the reapers. But the angel of the Lord said to Habakkuk, "Take the food that you have to Babylon, to Daniel, in the lions’ den." Habakkuk said, "Sir, I have never seen Babylon, and I know nothing about the den." Then the angel of the Lord took him by the crown of his head and carried him by his hair; with the speed of the wind, he set him down in Babylon, right over the den."</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43639644"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/96/44/43639644.d28cabe2.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="180" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes. Inbetween are columns and capitals.<br /> <br /> Here is Habakkuk delivering food to hungry Daniel in the lions' den.<br /> <br /> Daniel 14:33-36<br /> <br /> "Now the prophet Habakkuk was in Judea; he had made a stew and had broken bread into a bowl, and was going into the field to take it to the reapers. But the angel of the Lord said to Habakkuk, "Take the food that you have to Babylon, to Daniel, in the lions’ den." Habakkuk said, "Sir, I have never seen Babylon, and I know nothing about the den." Then the angel of the Lord took him by the crown of his head and carried him by his hair; with the speed of the wind, he set him down in Babylon, right over the den."</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43639282 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-05,doc-43639282 Sat, 05 Nov 2016 15:40:45 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43639282"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/92/82/43639282.87c965c4.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="188" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes.<br /> <br /> The "Labours of the Months" - and the zodiac signs.<br /> <br /> March = Aries<br /> April = Taurus<br /> May = Gemini</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43639282"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/92/82/43639282.87c965c4.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="188" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes.<br /> <br /> The "Labours of the Months" - and the zodiac signs.<br /> <br /> March = Aries<br /> April = Taurus<br /> May = Gemini</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43638872 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-05,doc-43638872 Sat, 05 Nov 2016 15:03:32 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43638872"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/88/72/43638872.bb692968.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="194" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes.<br /> <br /> The "Labours of the Months" - and the zodiac signs.<br /> <br /> June = Cancer<br /> July = Lion</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43638872"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/88/72/43638872.bb692968.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="194" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes.<br /> <br /> The "Labours of the Months" - and the zodiac signs.<br /> <br /> June = Cancer<br /> July = Lion</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43632032 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-04,doc-43632032 Fri, 04 Nov 2016 22:17:38 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43632032"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/20/32/43632032.d3011243.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="165" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes in the semicircular spaces.<br /> <br /> Seen here is the "Flight into Egypt". An angel points the party in the right direction.</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43632032"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/20/32/43632032.d3011243.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="165" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes in the semicircular spaces.<br /> <br /> Seen here is the "Flight into Egypt". An angel points the party in the right direction.</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43627122 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-04,doc-43627122 Fri, 04 Nov 2016 16:04:46 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43627122"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/71/22/43627122.539dffbf.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="157" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes in the semicircular spaces.<br /> <br /> Seen here is King David, who obviously knew about the importance of music in early childhood.</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43627122"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/71/22/43627122.539dffbf.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="157" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes in the semicircular spaces.<br /> <br /> Seen here is King David, who obviously knew about the importance of music in early childhood.</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43626532 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-04,doc-43626532 Fri, 04 Nov 2016 14:42:45 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43626532"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/65/32/43626532.7c031e63.240.jpg?r2" width="180" height="240" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes.<br /> <br /> With my equipment it is not possible to take a photo of the complete wall structure.</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43626532"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/65/32/43626532.7c031e63.240.jpg?r2" width="180" height="240" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Below the large triangular frescoes are tiers with carvings, sculptures and even more frescoes.<br /> <br /> With my equipment it is not possible to take a photo of the complete wall structure.</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43623018 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-04,doc-43623018 Fri, 04 Nov 2016 10:27:03 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43623018"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/30/18/43623018.4e762452.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="109" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Here are three (of the sixteen) arches. <br /> <br /> Seen from left to right:<br /> <br /> NATIVITAS STE JOHANNIS BATISTE<br /> The Birth of John the Baptist. His mother Elizabeth, reclined on the bed, watches the midwives performing "the first bath". <br /> <br /> HIC BATISTATUR CHRIST<br /> Christ´s baptism in the River Jordan. The painting is obviously influenced by older icons (Ravenna). Christ is nude - and the River Jordan is personalised.<br /> <br /> HIC AMPUTAVIT CAPUT JOHANNIS<br /> The death of John the Baptist.<br /> <br /> Seen below is (left) Abramham´s sacrifie - and (right) two battle scenes, probably connected to the cruisades (camels).</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43623018"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/30/18/43623018.4e762452.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="109" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.<br /> <br /> Here are three (of the sixteen) arches. <br /> <br /> Seen from left to right:<br /> <br /> NATIVITAS STE JOHANNIS BATISTE<br /> The Birth of John the Baptist. His mother Elizabeth, reclined on the bed, watches the midwives performing "the first bath". <br /> <br /> HIC BATISTATUR CHRIST<br /> Christ´s baptism in the River Jordan. The painting is obviously influenced by older icons (Ravenna). Christ is nude - and the River Jordan is personalised.<br /> <br /> HIC AMPUTAVIT CAPUT JOHANNIS<br /> The death of John the Baptist.<br /> <br /> Seen below is (left) Abramham´s sacrifie - and (right) two battle scenes, probably connected to the cruisades (camels).</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43617710 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-03,doc-43617710 Thu, 03 Nov 2016 23:08:09 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43617710"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/77/10/43617710.785c00ad.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="190" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. Most striking is the painted domed ceiling. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43617710"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/77/10/43617710.785c00ad.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="190" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The interior of the baptistery contains sixteen arches, forming alcoves each containing a painted scene. All these are 13th and 14th century frescoes. Most striking is the painted domed ceiling. The dome is like an umbrella - sixteen rays come out of the center of the ceiling. Each corresponds to an arch below.</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43615618 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-03,doc-43615618 Thu, 03 Nov 2016 19:27:04 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43615618"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/56/18/43615618.6851602b.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="77" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> A frieze, depicting animals and mythological creatures, runs around the eights sides of the Battistero di San Giovanni. A nice mermaid - in detail.</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43615618"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/56/18/43615618.6851602b.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="77" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> A frieze, depicting animals and mythological creatures, runs around the eights sides of the Battistero di San Giovanni. A nice mermaid - in detail.</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43610704 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-03,doc-43610704 Thu, 03 Nov 2016 15:58:44 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43610704"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/07/04/43610704.610cef61.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="130" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> A frieze, depicting animals and mythological creatures, runs around the eights sides of the Battistero di San Giovanni. Two battling centaurs, a dog and a lion.</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43610704"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/07/04/43610704.610cef61.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="130" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> A frieze, depicting animals and mythological creatures, runs around the eights sides of the Battistero di San Giovanni. Two battling centaurs, a dog and a lion.</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43607908 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-03,doc-43607908 Thu, 03 Nov 2016 11:53:14 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43607908"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/79/08/43607908.d879ccd0.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="119" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> A frieze, depicting animals and mythological creatures, runs around the eights sides of the Battistero di San Giovanni. Here is a hunting scene - and two very strange sea-animals.</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43607908"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/79/08/43607908.d879ccd0.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="119" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> A frieze, depicting animals and mythological creatures, runs around the eights sides of the Battistero di San Giovanni. Here is a hunting scene - and two very strange sea-animals.</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43605566 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-03,doc-43605566 Thu, 03 Nov 2016 08:04:15 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43605566"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/55/66/43605566.d58bf274.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="204" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> A frieze, depicting animals and mythological creatures, runs around the eights sides of the Battistero di San Giovanni. The elephant, seen here, is probably the "Cremona elephant", owned by Frederick II. This elephant marched through Cremona (1237/1241), only about 50kms northwest.</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43605566"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/55/66/43605566.d58bf274.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="204" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> A frieze, depicting animals and mythological creatures, runs around the eights sides of the Battistero di San Giovanni. The elephant, seen here, is probably the "Cremona elephant", owned by Frederick II. This elephant marched through Cremona (1237/1241), only about 50kms northwest.</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43604274 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-03,doc-43604274 Thu, 03 Nov 2016 07:23:48 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43604274"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/42/74/43604274.b1f33bd9.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="184" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> A frieze, depicting animals and mythological creatures, runs around the eights sides of the Battistero di San Giovanni. Here to the very left is an elephant!</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43604274"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/42/74/43604274.b1f33bd9.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="184" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> A frieze, depicting animals and mythological creatures, runs around the eights sides of the Battistero di San Giovanni. Here to the very left is an elephant!</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43601442 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-03,doc-43601442 Thu, 03 Nov 2016 00:08:27 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43601442"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/14/42/43601442.056668cd.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="188" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The Baptistery has three (!) portals. Here is the tympanum of one of them (see previous uploads for the other). The "Last Judgment". Around Christ are the twelve apostles. Below the graves open...</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43601442"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/14/42/43601442.056668cd.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="188" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The Baptistery has three (!) portals. Here is the tympanum of one of them (see previous uploads for the other). The "Last Judgment". Around Christ are the twelve apostles. Below the graves open...</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43601294 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-02,doc-43601294 Wed, 02 Nov 2016 23:12:41 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43601294"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/12/94/43601294.d25246a7.240.jpg?r2" width="156" height="240" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The Baptistery has three (!) portals. Here is one of them.</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43601294"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/12/94/43601294.d25246a7.240.jpg?r2" width="156" height="240" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The Baptistery has three (!) portals. Here is one of them.</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43600826 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-02,doc-43600826 Wed, 02 Nov 2016 22:16:47 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43600826"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/08/26/43600826.1600b7cf.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="173" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The Baptistery has three (!) portals. Here is the tympanum of one of them. Seated under the semicircular Tree of Jesse is Virgin Mary, young Jesus on her knees. To the left the Magi approach (names written above them) adoring, to the right Joseph gets a message from an angel.<br /> <br /> On the lintel below Jesus is getting baptised by John the Baptist. John later gets beheaded during an evening meal of the Herodes family.</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43600826"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/08/26/43600826.1600b7cf.240.jpg?r2" width="240" height="173" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III.<br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river.<br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success.<br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.<br /> <br /> The Baptistery has three (!) portals. Here is the tympanum of one of them. Seated under the semicircular Tree of Jesse is Virgin Mary, young Jesus on her knees. To the left the Magi approach (names written above them) adoring, to the right Joseph gets a message from an angel.<br /> <br /> On the lintel below Jesus is getting baptised by John the Baptist. John later gets beheaded during an evening meal of the Herodes family.</div> Martin M. Miles https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43598128 tag:ipernity.com,2016-11-02,doc-43598128 Wed, 02 Nov 2016 17:36:17 +0000 2015-10-01T00:00:00+01:00 nobody@ipernity.com (Martin M. Miles) <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43598128"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/81/28/43598128.3ff43b58.240.jpg?r2" width="221" height="240" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III. <br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river. <br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success. <br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.</div> Parma - Battistero di San Giovanni <p class="who"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/home/323415">Martin M. Miles</a> has posted:</p><p class="preview"><a href="https://www.ipernity.com/doc/323415/43598128"><img src="https://cdn.ipernity.com/200/81/28/43598128.3ff43b58.240.jpg?r2" width="221" height="240" alt=""/></a></p><div class="description">Parma, part of the Holy Roman Empire since Charlemagne´s times, was locally ruled by its bishops. During the long Investiture Controversy, Parma was (mostly) member of the Imperial party ("Ghibellini"). Two of Parma´s bishops even became antipopes: Càdalo as Honorius II and Guibert as Clement III. <br /> <br /> An almost independent commune was created around 1140. After the Peace of Constance confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance in 1183, quarrels with the neighbouring communes (eg Piacenza and Cremona) developed over the trading lines along the Po river. <br /> <br /> When in 1248 Papist families ("Guelphs") gained control over the city, Emperor Frederick II (aka "Stupor Mundi") besieged Parma with no success. <br /> <br /> This were the circumstances, when in 1196 the City Council of Parma commissioned the building of the Battistero di San Giovanni to Benedetto Antelami. In 1216 the second tier was completed. The work stopped under a temporary roof. It continued in 1249 and the octagon, located next to the cathedral, was finally completed in 1270.</div> Martin M. Miles